104U  Issued  November  6,  1907. 

U.  S..  DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTUR 

OPPIOB  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS-FARMERS'  INSTITUTE  LECTURE  9. 

A.  C.  TRUE,  Director. 


SYLLABUS 

OF 

ILLUSTRATED  LECTURE 

ON 

TOBACCO  GROWING. 


BY 
J.  N.  HARPER,  M.  Agr., 

Director  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Clemson  College,  S.  C. 


■^ 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1907. 


I 


1010 


Issued  Novembei  • 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT    OF    AGRICULTURE. 

OFFICE  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS— FARMERS'  INSTITUTE  LECTURE  9. 


A.  C.  TRUE,   Director. 


SYLLABUS 

OF 

ILLUSTRATED   LECTURE 

ON 

TOBACCO  GROWING. 


BY 

J.  N.  HARPER,  M.  Agr., 
Director  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Clemson  College,  S.  C. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING     OFFICE. 
1907. 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


This  syllabus  of  a  lecture  upon  Tobacco  Growing  by  J.  N.  Harper, 
M.  Agr.,  Director  of  the  South  Carolina  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  Clemson  College,  S.  C,  is  accompanied  by  46  lantern  slides 
illustrating  the  topic.  The  syllabus  and  views  have  been  prepared 
for  the  purpose  of  aiding  farmers'  institute  lecturers  in  their  presen- 
tation of  this  subject  before  institute  audiences. 

The  numbers  in  the  margins  of  the  pages  of  the  syllabus  refer  to 
similar  numbers  on  the  lantern  slides  and  to  their  legends  as  given 
in  the  Appendix.  Those  in  the  body  of  the  text  refer  to  the  list  of 
authorities  and  references  at  the  end  of  the  bulletin. 

In  order  that  those  using  the  lecture  may  have  opportunity  to 
fully  acquaint  themselves  with  the  subject,  references  to  its  recent 
literature  are  given  in  the  Appendix. 

John  Hamilton, 
Farmers1  Institute  Specialist. 

Recommended  for  publication. 
A.  C.  True,  Director. 

Publication  authorized. 

James  Wilson,  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Washington,  D.  C,  July  10,  1907. 

(3) 


TOBACCO  GROWING 


By  J.  N.  Harper,  M.  Agr. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Tobacco  was  first  cultivated  in  America.  The  early  View- 
explorers  of  this  continent  found  the  natives  making  use  of 
tobacco  for  smoking,  chewing,  and  medicinal  purposes. 
Tobacco  was  cultivated  by  the  first  colonists  in  colonial  Vir- 
ginia, and  as  early  as  1619  20,000  pounds  of  tobacco  were 
shipped  to  England  from  this  colony.  (Ref.  1,  p.  5.)  Its 
consumption  rapidly  increased  after  this  time,  so  that  within 
a  few  years  it  became  the  leading  export  of  Virginia  and  was 
one  of  the  main  sources  of  revenue  for  the  people. 

In  1731  the  provinces  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  exported 
si.s75,000  worth  of  tobacco.  (Ref.  1,  p.  6.)  Kentucky 
early  became  a  leading  tobacco  State,  and  that  Common- 
wealth now  produces  one-third  of  the  entire  yield  of  the  prod- 
uct in  the  United  States.  Tobacco  is  now  being  grown  in  25 
States  of  the  Union.  776,000  acres  being  devoted  to  this  crop. 
More  than  633.000,000  pounds  were  produced  in  the  United 
States  in  1905,  the  farm  value  of  this  crop  being  853,500,000. 
(Ref.  2,  p.  717.) 

VARIETIES. 

Tobacco  belongs  to  the  Solanaceae  family,  which  includes, 
among  other  plants,  Irish  potatoes,  tomatoes,  red  peppers,  and 
jimson  weeds.     There  are  more  than  one  hundred  varieties  of  1 

tobacco    in    cultivation.     The    leading    varieties    grown     in  2 

America    are    the  White    Burley.  Zimmer    Spanish,    Cuban, 
Orinoco,  Connecticut  Seed  Leaf,  Yellow  Pryor,  Havana  Seed  3 

Leaf,  and  Sumatra  Seed  Leaf.     (Ref.  3,  p.  12.) 

(5) 


SELECTION  FOR  SEED. 
No  plant  responds  bo  readily  to  careful  selection  as  does  the 

tobacco    plant.       It     is    a    plant     that    crosses    readily,    and    to 

improve  the  Beed  it  i-  necessary  to  place  a  sack  over  the  i  1« . - 
•1         before  the  pistil  is  ready  to  receive  the  pollen,  thus  preventing 
insects  from  bringing  pollen  from  undesirable  plants  and  cross- 
.">        ing.      'Kef.    i.  p.    L9.)     The  first   step  in  saving  seed    i-  to 
G        -elect  the  type  of  tobacco  that  one  wishes  to  grow.     It  is  < 

to  pick  out  a  desirable  tobacco  plant,  because  all  of  it-  charac- 
teristics are  before  the  eye.  If  one  i-  breeding  for  a  long  leaf, 
a  broad  leaf,  or  a  narrow  leaf,  ora  plant  that  holds  it-  leave-  up 

well.  <>r  one  that  has  long  internodes,  or  short  internodes,  or 

one  that  has  pointed  leave-  or  round  leaves,  or  one  that  has 
fine  veins  or  coarse  vein-,  or  one  that  has  width  between  veins, 
he  can  readily  do  so  by  selecting  his  plant  and  protecting  its 
pi-til   from  cross-pollination.      All   lateral  flowers   should   he 

7  pulled  off.  leaving  only  a  few  at  the  top.  A  few  days  before 
the  pollen  is  ripe  a  sack  should  he  placed  over  the  flowers  in 
order  to  prevent  any  possible  cross-fertilization.  (Kef.  5,  p. 
1l'.  I      If  one  wishes  to  cross  or  hybridize  with  some  other  plant. 

8  he  can  do  so  by  taking  the  stamens  out  before  the  pollen  is  ripe 
and  the  day  after  applying  to  the  flower  from  which  the  stamens 

9  were  removed  the  pollen  from  another  plant  by  means  of  a 
earner— hair  brush.  All  small  leave-,  suckers,  and  lateral 
branches  immediately  below  the  seed  head  proper  should  he 
carefully  removed  and  the  mouth  of  the  bag  tied  around  the 

10  -talk  just  under  the  lowest  remaining  branches.  (Kef.  6,  p. 
1  1  229.)  Many  of  the  improved  varieties  of  tobacco  have  been 
12       brought  about  by  crossing  standard   varieties,  and  many  of 

the  standard  varieties  of  tobacco,  such  as  the  White  Burley. 

have  been  improved  by  careful  selection  and  preventing cr 

pollination  with  undesirable  plants. 

THE  PLANT  BED. 

It  i-  necessary  to  thoroughly  prepare  the  soil  in  making 
preparation  for  a  seed  bed  for  young  tobacco  plants.  The 
bed  should  be  located  in  some  well-protected  place  and  should 
have  a  southern  exposure  so  as  to  obtain  a-  much  heat  from 
the  sun  as  possible.  The  bed  should  be  burned  thoroughly 
to  destroy  all  weed  seed  and  insect  eggs,  and  this  will  also  put 
L3  the  -oil  in  good  physical  condition.  Kef.  14,  p.  7.  The  bed 
should  he  protected  by  being  surrounded  by  boards  and  the 
upper  side  should  be  ditched  to  prevent  water  from  flooding 
it.     The  bed  should  also  be  protected  in  the  early  spring  by 


cotton  canvas.     The  seed  should  be  sown  after  the  bed  has      VUm 
been  burned  and  plowed  and  thoroughly  raked  and  has  been 
rid  of  all  stones  and  trash.     The  seed  should  be  sown  at  the        I  \ 
rate  of  1  thimbleful  to  every  36  square  feet.     Before  sowing 

the  seed,  t ho  light  ones  should  be  separated  from  the 
heavy  ones  and  only  the  heavy  ones  should  be  sown.  This 
can  be  done  by  a  recently  invented  apparatus  which  blows 
the  lighl  or  chaffy  ones  out  from  the  heavy  ones.  It  has  been 
proved  that  the  plants  grown  from  light  seed  produce  not  only 
a  very  small  yield,  but  tobacco  of  inferior  quality.  (Ref.  7, 
p.  2.)  Before  sowing,  the  seed  should  be  mixed  with  a  good 
quantity  of  corn  meal.  This  will  dilute  the  seed  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  will  be  possible  to  sow  them  evenly  and  not  too 
great  a  quantity  to  the  bed.  Four  seeds  to  every  square 
inch  is  sufficient.  The  seed  should  be  tested  for  their  ger- 
minating powers  before  sowing.  This  is  done  by  placing  a 
definite  number  of  seeds,  say  100,  on  a  moist  piece  of  blotting 
paper  in  a  broad  glass  jar  and  keeping  moist  in  a  dark,  warm 
place.  In  a  few  days  all  good  seed  will  germinate.  The  seed 
should  be  sown  early  in  the  spring  and  raked  in. 

TRANSPLANTING. 

The  young  tobacco  plants  should  be  heavily  fertilized  with 
nitrates  and  potash  salts,  and  should  be  transplanted  when 
the  leaves  are  a  little  larger  than  a  silver  dollar.  The  earlier 
the  tobacco  is  set  out  the  better  the  quality  and  the  greater 
the  yield.  Transplanting  is  usually  done  by  hand,  and  when  15 
thus  transplanted  the  setter  should  be  careful  that  the  hole 
is  made  deep  enough  to  allows  the  roots  of  the  plantlet  to  be 
perfectly  straight  down,  otherwise  a  disease  will  set  up  that 
will  greatly  injure  the  plant.  Machines  are  now  being  used  10 
to  a  considerable  extent,  and  with  their  aid  tobacco  can  be 
set  out  in  dry  weather  and  a  good  stand  obtained.  It  is  nec- 
essary to  water  the  young  plants  when  they  are  set  out  during 
dry  weather. 

SOIL. 

Xo  plant  is  so  affected  by  different  types  of  soils  as  is  the 
tobacco  plant.  The  variety  of  the  tobacco  grown  in  a  given  17 
locality  depends  upon  the  type  of  soil  in  that  locality.  (Ref.  16, 
pp.  s  to  18.)  The  texture  of  the  soil  seems  to  influence  the 
character  and  quality  of  the  tobacco  more  than  does  its  chem- 
ical composition.  Under  given  climatic  conditions  the  class  18 
and  type  of  tobacco  depend  upon  the  character  of  the  soil 


i 


8 

1  upon  which  n  is  grown,  especially  on  the  physical  properties, 

while  the  grade  is  dependent  largely  upon  the  cultivation 
and  curing  of  the  crop.  'Kef.  17.  p.  14.)  If  the  texture 
of  the  soil  is  known,  it  is  possible  to  say  what  type  of 
tobacco  is  Buited  for  that  soil.  Before  the  tobacco  is  set  out 
the  soil  should  be  thoroughly  prepared  by  deep  plowing,  roll- 
ing, and  hanow  ing  and  the  rows  should  he  laid  oil"  at  a  uniform 

distance  with  a  marker,  [f  sod  land  is  to  be  planted  in  tobacco 
it  should  he  plowed  early  in  the  spring  to  give  the  sod  time  to 
thoroughly  rot. 

FERTILIZING. 
There  i-  no  plant   that   is  SO  susceptible  to  fertilization  a-  is 

11)  tobacco.  Ets  quality  is  greatly  affected  by  fertilizer.-.  It  i- 
a  plant  that  requires  large  amount-  of  potassium  and  nitro- 
gen.    The  potassium   should    he  in  the  form  of  a   sulphate. 

20  as  the  chlorids  are  detrimental  to  its  quality.  Phosphorus 
increases  the  yield  on  most  type-  of  soils  but  has  no  effect  on 
the  quality  of  the  tobacco.  (Ref.  15,  p.  140.)  Tobacco  can 
not  he  grown  for  a  number  of  years  on  the  same  soil,  therefore 
it  must  be  in  a  system  of  rotation  with  other  crops.  In  the 
blue-grass  region  of  Kentucky,  where  White  Burley  is  grown 
entirely,  it  enters  a  rotation  with  corn,  wheat,  clover,  timothy, 
and  blue  grass,  the  fields  remaining  in  blue  grass  for  a  long 
term  of  years.  In  other  parts  of  the  country  where  a  number 
of  other  varieties  are  grown  it  is  rotated  with  corn,  wheat,  and 

L*  I  clover.  Coarse  and  heavy  manures  are  detrimental  to  the 
quality  of  the  tobacco  unless  they  are  well  rotted.  Tobacco 
stems  are  an  excellent  fertilizer  for  tobacco,  and  as  much  as 
1,500  to  2,000  pound-  can  be  used  to  the  acre. 


y 


CULTURE  AND  HARVESTING. 

Tobacco  should  be  planted  in  rows,  varying  from  a  distance 
of  3  to  4J  feet,  depending  upon  the  variety,  and  the  distance 
the  plant-  are  set  in  the  row  also  depends  upon  the  variety. 
Some  varieties,  as  the  White  Burley.  are  set  15  to  20  inches, 
while  other.-,  a-  Yellow  Pryor,  are  set  3J  feet. 

The  cultivation  should  be  clean  and  -hallow.     The  plants 

22  should  be  topped  when  they  first  begin  to  bloom.  The  num- 
ber   of    leaves    left    varies    from    10    to    24,    depending    upon 

23  the  variety.  (Ref.  19,  p.  11.)  All  suckers  should  be  pulled 
oil"  before  they  get  to  be  (i  inches  long.  Tobacco  should 
never  be  cut  before  it  i-  thoroughly  ripe.  This  i>  indi- 
cated by  the  color  of  the  tobacco.  It  begins  to  turn  yellow 
on    ripening.     The   whole   plants   are   either  cut    down   with 


9 

small  knives  made  for  the  purpose  or  tin*  ripe  leaves  are 
picked,  leaving  the  others  to  ripen.  The  cigar-tobacco  types  2  1 
an4  primed,  whereas  the  heavy  tobaccos  and  White  Burleys 
a iv  cut  whole  and  placed  on  sticks.  (Ref.  18,  p.  28.)  An 
hour  or  so  after  tobacco  has  been  cut  and  placed  on  sticks  it 
should  be  put  on  trestles  in  the  field  to  prevent  sunburn.  It  is 
best  to  leave  on  the  trestles  for  a  day  or  two  before  hauling 
to  barn.  (Ref.  11,  p.  107.)  Tobacco  that  is  placed  on  sticks 
should  always  be  hauled  to  the  barn  on  tobacco  frames  rather 
than  in  bulk  on  an  open  wagon  body. 

CURING. 

There  are  many  styles  of  houses  used  for  tobacco,  depend- 
ing upon   the  method  of  curing.     The  flue-cured  tobacco  is        25 
cured  in  a  house  that  can  be  made  almost  air  tight,  with  a 
ventilator   in    the    top   which   can   be   closed.     The   Virginia 
Bright  Leaf  is  cured  in  this  way.     The  White  Burley  is  cured        26 
entirely  without  artificial  heat,  requiring  from  five  to  six  weeks 
in  its  curing.     Barns  in  which  tobacco  is  air  cured  should  have        27 
lateral,  horizontal  ventilators  rather  than  perpendicular  ones, 
because  the  tobacco  is  not  so  liable  to  house  burn.   The  flue-cured 
tobacco  requires  only  a  few  days  for  its  curing.     (Ref.  20,  pp.        28 
3  to  15).     After  tobacco  has  been  thorough!}-  cured,  it  should 
be  stripped  and  sorted  into  different  grades,  and  after  a  cer- 
tain time  it  should  be  put  down  in  bulk  for  fermentation. 
The  fermenting  of  tobacco  is  an  art  and  the  process  of  fer-        29 
mentation  is  due  to  enzyms  rather  than  to  bacteria  as  was 
once  thought.      (Ref.  0,  p.  21.)     These  enzyms  are  destroyed 
when  the  temperature  of  the  tobacco  is  raised  above  152°  F.        30 
(Ref.  21,  p.  26.)     Before  tobacco  is  placed  in  hogsheads,  it 
should  be  dried  out  and  placed  in  case  so  that  it  will  contain        31 
about  11  per  cent  moisture.     Fermentation  takes  place  more 
rapidly   at   a   high   temperature   than  at   a   low  temperature. 
The  stripping,  grading,  and  sorting  should  be  done  only  by 
an  expert.     The  dark,   heavy  export   tobaccos   are   cured   in        32 
close  barns  by  an  open  fire  under  the  tobacco  and  require 
close  attention  during  all  of  the  stages  of  curing.     It  is  possi- 
ble  to  cure  the  tobacco  a  bright  yellow  or  a  dark  mahogany 
by  simply  varying  the  temperature  and  the  humidity  of  the 
atmosphere  and  length  of  time  in  curing. 

QUALITY. 

The  quality  of  the  tobacco  is  judged  largely  by  the  burn- 
ing qualities  of  the  leaf,  the  elasticity,  the  flavor,  the  quality 
and  color  of  the  stem,  and  the  quality  and  color  of  the  veins, 


A 


10 

eneral  texture  and  thickness  of  the  leaf,  the  substance 
and  nature  of  the  gum  In  the  leaf,  the  quality  of  the  leaf, 
whether  coarse,  harsh,  line  or  silky,  and  toughness  and  behav- 
ior when  handled,  color  of  the  leaf,  and  the  breadth  <>f  L< 

and   proportion  of  stem,  and   the  length  of  leaf  from  point   to 

butt. 

COMPOSITION. 

The  analysis  of  cured  tobacco  will  vary  considerably. 
However,  the  analysis  of  the  crude  ash  is  not  very  variable. 
S  >me  tobaccos  contain  a  large  amount  of  nicotine,  sucl 
the  Perique,  while  other  varieties  contain  only  a  small  amount 
of  nicotine,  as  the  Sumatra  wrapper.  (Kef.  8,  pp.  359  and 
360. 

SHADING. 

Where  the  soil  texture  and  other  condition-  are  favorable 
'••*'  for  the  growth  of  tobacco,  it  can  he  grown  successfully  even 
where  the  weather  conditions  are  not  favorable  for  it,  by  being 
grown  under  canvas.  Nearly  all  of  the  types  of  tobacco 
grown  in  the  (Jjiited  States  have  been  experimented  with  by 
this  method.  By  growing  tobacco  under  shade  it  will  n 
;>4        a  drought,  the  soil  retains  the  moisture,  a  very  much  la. 

yield  is  produced,  the  tobacco  is  of  a  finer  quality,  insect  depre- 
dations are  prevented,  considerable  labor  i<  saved  in  cultiva- 
r55  tion,  and  the  phyiscal  condition  of  the  soil  is  greatly  improved. 
Sunburn,  injury  due  to  heavy  wind  storms  and  rains,  and 
injury  from  early  and  late  frosts  are  also  prevented.  Unde- 
sirable eross  pollination  is  lessened  to  a  certain  extent,  the 
seasons  are  considerably  prolonged,  and  few  of  the  plants 
have  to  be  reset,  while  the  southern  varieties  can  he  grown 
farther  north.  (Ref.  22.  -p.  5.)  Tt  is  questionable,  however, 
whether  it  pays  because  of  the  great  expense. 

DISEASES  AND  INSECTS. 

Tobacco  is  subject  to  a  number  of  diseases,  among  them 
.\i)        black   spot,    white    rust,    leaf   blight,    mildew    and    stem    rot. 

37  mosaic  disease,  and  wilt;  and   there  are  parasitic  plants,  such 

38  a-  broom  rape,  that  do  considerable  damage.     (Ref.  23,  pp. 
3  to  1". 

The  wilt  is  a  bacterial  disease  and  can  be  detected  by  the 
;>!)  discolored  vascular  tissues  of  the  stems.  (Kef.  25,  p.  91.) 
40       Rotation  i-  the  only  mean-  to  prevent  it.     Most  of  the  fungus 


11 

diseases  can  be  prevented  by  clean  cultivation,  clean  seed  View- 
bed,  and  some  care  taken  in  transplanting  to  discard  all  dis-  41 
eased  seedlings.  Applications  of  solutions  of  formalin  (1$  42 
pints  formalin  to  50  gallons  of  water)  to  plant  beds  to  prevent         43 

bed  rot  (Rbizoetonia)  have  given  results  that  were  beneficial. 
(Kef.    10,   p.    1.)     The  mosaic  disease   is  probably  a  purely       44 
physiological  one,  caused  by  sudden  changes  in  atmospheric 
conditions   and   soil   conditions.      (Ref.    26,    p.    9.)     Tobacco       45 
i<  attacked  by  a  number  of  insects,  chief  among  them  arc  the 
northern   tobacco  worm  (Protoparce  celeus)  and   the  southern 
tobacco  worm  (Protoparce  Carolina).     Insect  depredations  are       40 
prevented  by  use  of  Paris  green  spray  (J  pound  to  30  gallons 
of  water).      (Ref.  28,  p.  9,  and  Ref.  27,  pp.  21  to  32.) 


APPENDIX. 


LAXTI CRN  SLIDES. 

1.  Tobacco  plant  with  Qowereat  pn  :  f  maturity  for  bagging. 

From  .Maryland  Sta.  Bui.  1(13,  PI.  I. 

2.  Broad  Leaf  White  Burley  tobacco. 

From  Kentucky  Sta.    Original. 

:;.     Stand-up  White  Burley. 

From  Kentucky  Sta.     Original. 

4.  Tobacco  flowers  showing  pro]  f  maturity  for  bagging  to  prevent  cross- 

pollination. 

From  Yearbook  of  1004  oi  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr..  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.  PL  LXIV.  fig.  1. 

5.  Tobacco  flowers  at  proper  stage  of  maturity  for  using  pollen  from  stain- 

cross-pollination. 

From  Kentucky  Sta.,  Division  of  Entomology  and  Botany. 

6.  Tobacco  flowers  and  seed  pods. 

From  Kentucky  Sta..  Division  of  Entomology  and  Botany. 

7.  Florida  Sumatra  seed  plant  properly  labeled,  with  0  ered  by  tx  g 

From  Yearbook  of  1904  of  U.  8.  Dept.  Agr..  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.  PI.  LXIII.  flg 
S.     The  Connecticut  Broad  Leaf  tobacco  plant  capped  to  protect  from  cross-fertili- 
zation. 

From  Maryland  Sta.  Bui.  103.  PI.  II. 

'.>.     Type  leaves  of  hybrid  and  parent  types  of  tobacco.       1.  Havana  Beed,  female 
parent:  2.  hybrid;  3,  Sumatra,  male  parent.) 

From  Yearbook  of  1904  of  I".  S.  Dept.  Agr..  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.  PL  I. IX. 

10.  Rounded  type  of  leaves  of  tob  llings. 

From  Yearbook  of  1904  of  U.  B.  De]  t.  Agr..  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.  PL  LX.  :  - 

11.  Pointed  type  of  leaves  of  tobacco  Beedlings. 

From  Yearbook  of  1904  of  D.  B.  Dept.  Agr..  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.  PL  LX.  fig.  2. 

l'J.     Variations  in  length  of  internodes  of  ConnecticutrCuban. tobacco  plants. 

From  Yearbook  of  1904  of  U.  -  _r..  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.  PL  LXII 

13.     Tobacco  seed  beds  showing  method  of  construction  and  protection  and  young 
plants  ready  for  Betting 
From  Connecticut  Sta. 
l  \.     Apparatus  rating  the  heavy  tobacco  Beeds  from  light  on 

From  l'.  S.  Dept.  Agr..  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  Bui.  01,  PL  IV,  fig.  1. 

L5.     Setting  out  tobacco  plants  by  hand. 

From  Con: 

1  6.     Setting  out  tobacco  plains  with  machine. 

From  Connect teal 
IT.     The  texture  ^[  the  typical  cigar  tobacco  land  of  Connecticut. 
From  C.  B.  Dept.  Agr..  Ban  -      B  Bui.  11.  PL  III. 

(12) 


13 

No.  of 
view. 

18.  The  texture  of  the  typical  Bright  tobacco  land  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina* 

From  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils  BuL  11,  PL  IX. 

19.  Dark  fire-cured  tobacco  fertilized  with  400  pounds  of  fertilizer,  costing  $5  p<  r 

aero  and  furnishing  L2  pounds  of  aminonia,  36  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid, 

and   12  pounds  of  potash,  gave  a  yield  of  < > T : i  pounds  of  tobaCCO,  which  Bold 
for  $45.50  gross. 
From  Yearbook  of  1905  of  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils,  PL  VII. 

20.  Dark  fire-cured  tobacco  fertilized  with  850  pounds  of  home-mixed  fertilizer, 

costing  $16.44  an  acre  and  furnishing  73J  pounds  of  aminonia.  57  pounds  of 
phosphoric  acid,  and  7">  pounds  of  potash,  yielding  883  pounds  of  tobacco, 
which  sold  for  SSI  .09  gross. 
From  Yearbook  of  1905  of  V .  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils,  PI.  VIII. 

21.  On  left;  plat  of  New  Hybrid  of  Connecticut  and  Seed  Leaf  by  Cuban;  yield, 

1,715  pounds  per  acre;  quality  of  filler,  excellent. 
On  right;  plat  of  Zimmer  Spanish;  yield,  1,455  pounds  per  acre;  quality,  me- 
dium. 
From  Ohio  Sta. 

22.  Plat  of  White  Burley  tobacco  ready  to  cut. 

From  Kentucky  Sta.     Original. 

2.3.     Cuban  and  Sumatra  tobacco  grown  under  canvas  and  ready  to  prime. 
From  Kentucky  Sta.      Original. 

24.  Tobacco  being  cut  and  placed  on  sticks  preparatory  to  hauling  to  barn. 

From  Connecticut  Sta. 

25.  Curing  barn  for  dark  fire-cured  tobacco. 

From  Yearbook  of  1905  of  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils,  PI.  X,  fig.  1. 

2(>.     Tobacco  barn  showing  lateral  perpendicular  ventilators. 
From  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils. 

27.  Tobacco  barn  showing  method  of  hanging  tobacco. 

From  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils. 

28.  Tobacco  barn  showing  lateral  horizontal  ventilators  and  top  ventilators. 

From  Kentucky  Sta.    Original. 

29.  White  Burley  tobacco.     (1,  Flyer  or  trash;  2,  Bright  Leaf  or  Good  Leaf;  3,  Short 

Red  Leaf.! 
From  Yearbook  of  1899  of  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils,  PI.  XXXII. 

30.  Cigarette  and  manufacturing  tobacco.     (1,  Dark  Mahogany;  2,  Light  Mahogany; 

3,  Bright  Lemon  Yellow.) 
From  Yearbook  of  1899  of  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils,  PL  XXXI. 

31.  Maryland  Smoker,  bright  "Colory"  Leaf. 

From  Yearbook  of  1899  of  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils,  PL  XXIX. 

32.  Florida  Cigar  Filler,  Cuban  seed. 

From  Yearbook  of  1899  of  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Soils,  PL  XXXV. 

33.  Field  under  canvas  for  growing  of  Sumatra  Leaf. 

From  Connecticut  sta. 

34.  Field  of  White  Burley  tobacco  growing  under  canvas. 

From  Kentucky  Sta.     Original. 

35.  Plants  from  diseased  and  resistant  strains  of  Sumatra  seed. 

From  Yearbook  of  1904  of  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr..  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  PL  LXIII,  fig.  1. 

36.  Portion  of  a  tobacco  held  that  is  badly  infested  with  wilt  disease  showing  all 

stages  of  the  disease. 

From  North  Carolina  Sta.  Bui.  ISS,  fig.  4. 

37.  A  healthy  field  near  the  diseased  field  showing  no  signs  of  the  wilt. 

From  North  Carolina  Sta.  Bui.  ISS.  fig.  14. 


u 

,'{s.     Roots  of  tobacco  plants  showing  healthy  plants  in  center  and  others  in  various 
gee  of  dia  . 
From  North  OaraUiia  >i„.  BuL  188,  fig.  a 

:{«>.     Roots  oi  tobacco  plants  Attacked  by  Thielavia. 

i  r. .ii»  < > r 1 1 •  ►  Bta. 

-to.    Tobacco  plant  attacked  by  broom  rape. 
From  ohiu  Bta.  BuL  ISO,  PL  IV. 

I  i .    Northern  tobacco  fly. 

From  Kentucky  Bta.,  Division  «»f  Entomology  and  Botany,  BuL  66,  fig.  4. 

12.    Southern  tobacco  fly. 

From  Kentucky  Bta.,  Division  of  Entomology  and  Botany,  BuL  66,  fig.  3. 

4.'5.     I'u]i;f  of  tobacco  worms;  upper,  southern;  Lower,  northern. 

Prom  Kentucky  Bta.,  Division  of  Entomology  and  Botany,  BuL  66,  i>t:.  2. 

44.     Southern  tobacco  worm  infected  with  parasites. 

From  Kentucky  Bta.,  Division  of  Entomology  and  Botany,  BuL  66,  fig.  l. 

l.">.     Northern  tobacco  worm. 

From  Kentucky  Sta.,  Division  of  Entomology  and  Botany,  Bui.  66,  fig.  1. 

46.     Southern  tobacco  worm  moulting. 

From  Kentucky  Sta.,  Division  of  Entomology  and  Botany,  Bui.  66,  fig.  1. 


REFERENCES. 

1.  Tobacco  Leaf.     J.  B.  Killebrew  &  Herbert  Myrick. 

2.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Yearbook  1905. 

3.  Varieties  of  Tobacco  Seed  Distributed  in  1905-6  with  Cultural  Directions.     U.  S. 

Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  Bui.  91. 

4.  Tobacco  Breeding.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  Bui.  96. 

5.  The  Selection  of  Tobacco  Seed  Plants.     Connecticut  Sta.  Bui.  150. 

6.  Methods  of  Tobacco  Seed  Selection.     Maryland  Sta.  Bui.  103. 

7.  The  Preparation  of  Tobacco  Seed.     Connecticut  Sta.  Bui.  148. 

8.  Types  of  Tobacco  and  their  Analyses.     North  Carolina  Sta.  Bui.  122. 

9.  Cigar  Leaf  Tobacco.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Report  No.  59. 

10.  Soil  Treatment  of  Tobacco  Plant  Bed.     Ohio  Sta.  Cir.  59. 

11.  Burley  Tobacco:  Its  Growing  and  Curing.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  Expt.  Stas. 

Bui.  99. 

12.  Experiments  with  Fertilizers  on  Tobacco.     Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  161. 

13.  Field  Experiments  on  Tobacco.     Pennsylvania  Sta.  Bui.  49. 

14.  The  Culture  of  Tobacco.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers'  Bui.  82. 

15.  The  Culture  and  Handling  of  Tobacco.     Maryland  Sta.  Bui.  67. 

16.  Tobacco  Soils.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers'  Bui.  83. 

17.  Tobacco  Soils  of  the  United  States.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Division  of  Soils  Bui.  11. 

18.  Cultivation  of  Tobacco  in  Sumatra.     U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr. 

19.  Tobacco  Investigations  in  Porto  Rico.     Porto  Rico  Sta.  Bui.  5. 

20.  Methods  of  Curing  Tobacco.     U.  S.  Dept  Agr.,  Farmers'  Bui.  60. 

21.  Temperature  Changes  in  Fermenting  Piles  of  Cigar  Leaf  Tobacco.     U.  S.  Dept. 

Agr.,  Report  No.  60. 

22.  Growing  Tobacco  under  Shade  in  Connecticut.     Connecticut  Sta.  Bui.  137. 

23.  Broom  Rape  of  Hemp  and  Tobacco.     Kentucky  Sta.  Bui.  24. 

24.  Tobacco  Diseases.     Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  156. 

25.  The  Granville  Tobacco  Wilt.     North  Carolina  Sta.  Bui.  188. 

26.  The  Mosaic  Diseases  of  Tobacco.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry 

Bui.  18. 

27.  Tobacco.     Kentucky  Sta.  Bui.  66. 

28.  The  Principal  Insects  Affecting  the  Tobacco  Plant.     LT.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers' 

Bui.  120. 

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